A Topographic Survey is done by gathering horizontal and vertical data for a site to show the "lay of the land". A Topographic Map ("topo") is a site map showing the topographic features of a site by contour lines and symbols. Topographic features include drainage patterns, changes in elevation, vegetation, and any other natural features. The map may include man made features as well, such as buildings, utilities, roads and other improvements. Topographic Maps may or may not show boundaries and easements depending on the end use of the map.
Topographic Surveys are used for engineering design, architectural design and land use planning of a site. A Topographic Map is often requested by engineers, architects, government agencies or building contractors who need information about a sites grade and elevations. The information is used to determine the best location for site improvements, estimates of volume of fill to be moved or many other development purposes. The map can be made at any scale and contour interval depending on the detail needed for planning. In areas with steep terrain, a larger contour interval is used (ex. 10' interval between contour lines). In areas with relatively flat terrain, a smaller contour interval can be used to show small changes in elevation with more detail (ex. 2' interval between contour lines).
Most sites can be mapped efficiently by a field survey using G.P.S. or Total Station technology. Larger sites may be better suited for aerial mapping. Aerial Mapping is a more cost-effective alternative and produce better results for sites with large areas or expansive improvements.